Asagidaki metin anonim alintidir. Nerede kim yazmistir bilmiyorum. Ancak en altindaki linux dagitimlarindan oldukca eski gozuktugunu soyleyebilirim. <\/p>\n
Linux Tarih\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Ki\u015fisel bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Windows kral iken… Finlandiya\u2019da 21 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Yeni edindi\u011fi Intel 386 bilgisayar\u0131na kurulu DOS\u2019 u sevmemi\u015f; Helsinki \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin bilgisayarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Unix\u2019 ten kendi bilgisayar\u0131nda da olsun istemi\u015f. Ama bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 idare eden krallar, PC i\u00e7in Unix sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r para \u015fartlar\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015flar ve b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n Unix edinmesini adeta istemezlermi\u015f.<\/p>\n
Linus adli Helsinkili bu gen\u00e7, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f… Ve sonunda krallara para vermektense, kendi i\u015fletim sistemini kendisi yazmaya karar vermi\u015f. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ok zeki ve becerikli bir gen\u00e7mi\u015f. Ortaya DOS yerine bir PC\u2019 yi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya, BIOS bilgilerini edip, bilgisayar\u0131n klavyesi nerede, ekran\u0131 nerede anlamas\u0131na yeter d\u00fczeyde bir i\u015fletim sistemi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, ilk isi bunu, o zaman, yani 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Internet varsa, o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7evresine yaymaya karar vermi\u015f. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu gen\u00e7 \u00e7ok al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcym\u00fc\u015f. Arkada\u015flar\u0131 \u201cYahu Linus, bu ne g\u00fczel Unix! Gel bunun adi Linux olsun; hem seni hat\u0131rlat\u0131r, hem de Unix\u2019 i!\u201d demi\u015fler.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece yeni i\u015fletim sisteminin adi Linux olmu\u015f. Aradan y\u0131llar ge\u00e7mi\u015f. PC d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda i\u015fletim sistemi taht\u0131na kurulmak isteyen krallar aras\u0131nda kavga ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Kral IBM, PC taht\u0131na ge\u00e7mek \u00fczere ortaya OS\/2 diye bir prens s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f. Ama kral Windows, bu prensi bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 darbesiyle \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f! B\u00fcy\u00fck bilgisayar saray\u0131ndaki Unix krallar\u0131 ise arda bir \u201cPC taht\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l ele ge\u00e7iririz?\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlarm\u0131\u015f, ama \u201cPC krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kullar\u0131 zengin de\u011fil, bize b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar gibi \u00e7ok para kazand\u0131ramazlar!\u201d deyip vazge\u00e7iyorlarm\u0131\u015f yar\u0131\u015ftan. Fakat PC krallar\u0131n\u0131n kullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Windows\u2019 un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ho\u015flanmayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da art\u0131yormu\u015f.<\/p>\n
O s\u0131rada bir taraftan kendi PC\u2019 sini y\u00f6neten Linux taban\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015f;\u201dBizim PC\u2019 mizi de y\u00f6netir misin?\u201d demi\u015fler. Linux, \u201cTabii y\u00f6netirim!\u201d demi\u015f. PC\u2019ler \u201cPeki ka\u00e7 para?\u201d diye sormu\u015flar; Linux, \u201cPara istemem, ama bir \u015fart\u0131m var! \u201c demi\u015f. PC\u2019ler o g\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7 b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey duymam\u0131\u015flar.\u201dNedir \u015fart\u0131n?\u201d diye sormu\u015flar hayretle! Linux, \u201cPara istemem, ama hi\u00e7biriniz de benim s\u0131rt\u0131mdan para kazanamazs\u0131n\u0131z\u201d demi\u015f. Linux, ayr\u0131ca kendisinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine de izin vermi\u015f; ama bu kez \u015fart\u0131 kendisinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131ym\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n
Linux, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk serbest da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil. \u201cSerbest Yaz\u0131l\u0131m Vakf\u0131\u201d di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok kurum, hen\u00fcz PC icat edilmeden \u00f6nce, bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretsiz da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 fikrini benimsemi\u015f ki\u015filer yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 programlar\u0131 bir araya getiriyor ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yordu. Yakin zamana kadar Linux da tamamen \u00fccretsiz edinilebilirdi. Fakat bir bilgisayar i\u015fletim sistemi yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kernel ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7ekirdek program\u0131 kendi donan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cderlemek\u201d tabir edilen i\u015flemden ge\u00e7irerek kurabilecek \u00e7ok az kullan\u0131c\u0131 bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bir\u00e7ok firma, bir \u201cLinux\u2019u bilgisayara kurma program\u0131\u201d \u00fcreterek bunu sat\u0131yor. Bu t\u00fcr Linux kurma program\u0131na, \u201cLinux Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131\u201d (distribution) adi veriliyor. \u201cDa\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u201d paketleri \u00fcreten firmalar, kendi paketlerin daha cazip hale getirmek i\u00e7in, sunduklar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir Linux sisteminde bulunmas\u0131 gereken bir\u00e7ok yan \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7ermesine de \u00f6zen g\u00f6steriyorlar.<\/p>\n
Serbest Yaz\u0131l\u0131m ruhuyla hareket eden Linux\u2019u kendi yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in en elveri\u015fli ortam diye g\u00f6ren bir\u00e7ok bireysel programc\u0131 da program\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccretsiz da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca Linux\u2019un yay\u0131lmas\u0131 fikrini savuna dernekler ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 guruplar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fccretsiz verilen \u201cda\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u201d paketleri da var. Bunlar\u0131 Internet\u2019ten indirerek, kurman\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Linux\u2019u, ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan\u0131n amac\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekten be\u015f kuru\u015f para \u00f6demeden edinmek istiyorsan\u0131z, Internet adreslerinde indirebilirsiniz. Ayr\u0131ca, Internet\u2019te ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok yerden ticari olmayan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m paketi bulman\u0131z da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n
Linux, bir Unix program\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in \u201c Unix program\u0131 nedir?\u201d diye sormak gerekir. Unix sistemini geli\u015ftiren bilim adamlar\u0131 ve bilgisayar i\u015fletimcileri, bu ad alt\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015fletim sisteminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, oturup birtak\u0131m standartlar geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, hatta bir \u201cBir sistemin Unix oldu\u011funu onaylama s\u00fcreci\u201d belirlemi\u015f bulunuyorlar. Bu ilkeler dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa, Linux bir Unix-t\u00fcrevidir; ama LinusTorvalds program\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir zaman bu onay\u0131 istemedi\u011fine g\u00f6re, Linux bir Unix de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Linux\u2019un ilk kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 PC, ve ilk kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da bilgisayar bilimi \u00f6\u011frencisi iken bug\u00fcn firmalar\u0131n a\u011f y\u00f6neten bilgisayarlar\u0131nda (server) ve hatta \u00fcniversite ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcper-bilgisayarlar\u0131nda bile bu sisteme rastlaman\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. ISS\u2019 ler firmalar aras\u0131nda da Linux kullan\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir lisans kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Linux kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kayd\u0131 hi\u00e7bir yerde tutulmuyor. Ticari da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile bu firmalar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131, Internet\u2019ten yap\u0131lan indirmelerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli konferans ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 guruplar\u0131n derledi\u011fi verilere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bug\u00fcn 8 milyon bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Linux sistemine sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenilebilir.<\/p>\n
Linux, \u00e7ekirdek program olarak, DOS gibi, komut sat\u0131r\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi, kurum ve kurulu\u015f \u00fccretsiz, ticari firmalar ise \u00fccretli, grafik kullan\u0131c\u0131 arabirimi veya Windows benzeri masa\u00fcst\u00fc programlar\u0131 \u00fcretiyor, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yor ve sat\u0131yorlar. Linux sisteminin edindi\u011fi ilk kullan\u0131c\u0131 arabirimi, \u201cX Windows Sistemi\u201d idi. Bu, Microsoft firmas\u0131n\u0131 Windows i\u015fletim sisteminin masa\u00fcst\u00fc ve her program i\u00e7in bir pencere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na benzetilebilir. K\u0131saca X denilen bu arabirim, daha sonra yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok Linux masa \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli oldu. Linux, Microsoft Windows, IBM OS\/2 ve di\u011fer bir Unix sistemi ile dosya al\u0131\u015f verisi yapabilir; bu sistemlerle TCP\/IP protokol\u00fc ile dosya al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde bulunabilir.<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir Linux sistemi, hem Web Server hem de Web Browser i\u00e7in i\u015fletim sistemi olabilir. Linux\u2019un bir a\u011f ortam\u0131nda, a\u011f merkezi veya yaz\u0131c\u0131 veya dosya sistemi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan merkez olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, di\u011fer sistemlerle ileti\u015fimini sa\u011flayan protokolleri vard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ki\u015filerin katk\u0131lar\u0131yla, Linux veri taban\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yapabilen g\u00fcvenli ve istikrarl\u0131 bir i\u015fletim sistemi haline gelmi\u015f bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
Linux da di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok i\u015fletim sistemi gibi, geli\u015fmekte olan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131md\u0131r; \u00fccretsiz da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan \u00e7ekirdek kodu ve \u00fccretli-\u00fccretsiz ekleri, arabirimleri, y\u00fckleme programlar\u0131, <\/p>\n
Linux Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Tan\u0131yal\u0131m <\/p>\n
CALDERA: \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar\u0131n ve a\u011f sunucusu ve is istasyonu bilgisayarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ticari Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r. Novell a\u011f y\u00f6neticisi programlar\u0131 ve s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin lisans\u0131n\u0131 alarak, kendi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 il birlikte vermektedir. Bu firman\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda, Windows 3.1 i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 16 bit\u2019lik Windows programlar\u0131n\u0131 Linux ortam\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan WABI adli grafik kullan\u0131c\u0131 arabirimi de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
DEBIAN : Bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcy\u00fc bir araya getiren bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olan Debian grubunun (www.debian.org) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olan Debian GNU\/Linux, Internet\u2019ten edinilebilece\u011fi gibi, CD-ROM olarak da bulunabilir.<\/p>\n
DLX: Erich Boehm taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, tam bir Linux sistemidir. 3.5 in\u00e7\u2019lik bir disketle da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Grafik arabirim ve uygulama program\u0131 i\u00e7ermez.<\/p>\n
DOS LINUX: Kent Robotti taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir Linux sistemidir, MSDOS, PCDOS, OPENDOS ve Windows-95\u2019in DOS kipinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
HAL91 FLOPPY : Qyvind Kolas taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olup, floppy diskete asgari Linux kurulumu yapar. \u0130\u015fletim sisteminden ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve acil durum disketi olarak yararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
INFOMAGIC: Kendi Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olan bu firman\u0131n (www.infomagic.com) piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mdan bulunan Linux, a\u011f ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle Apple firmas\u0131n\u0131n bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu a\u011flar i\u00e7in s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
LINUX MANDRAKE: Mandrake firmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. KDE grafik arabirimi, Apache Web Server, Gimp, Netscape Communicator ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok program\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
LINUX PPC: PowerPC Linux Projesi adli grup taraf\u0131ndan PowerPC mimarisindeki bilgisayarlar i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
LINUX PRO: Workgroups Solutions firmas\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olup, 7 CD-ROM\u2019luk bir set halinde sat\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7erdi\u011fi programlar aras\u0131nda Linux Ansiklopedisi, 1600 sayfal\u0131k bir kitap, kurma, \u00e7ekirdek derleme ve ayar konusunda bir\u00e7ok belge i\u00e7erir. \u0130\u00e7erdi\u011fi kaynaklar aras\u0131nda Internet ve Usenet\u2019teki Linux tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan se\u00e7meler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
LINUXWARE : Trans-Ameritech firmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, esnek, kurulmas\u0131 kolay ve \u00f6zellikle evde kullan\u0131lan PC\u2019ler i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Windows 3.1, Windows 95 veya DOS\u2019 tan y\u00fcklenir.<\/p>\n
MKLINUX: Apple Bilgisayarlar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Grubu adli bir \u00f6rg\u00fct taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir; Macintosh bilgisayarlar\u0131na kurulur.<\/p>\n
TURBOLINUX: Pacific Hi-Tech taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olup, Intel, DEC Alpha ve PowerPC bilgisayarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Japonca ve \u00c7ince s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri vard\u0131r. Bu firma (www.pht.com) di\u011fer Asya ve Avrupa dillerinde de Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedir.<\/p>\n
REDHAT: Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc firmalardan olan Redhat, Linux Geli\u015ftirme Ekibi\u2019ne mensup \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Bir\u00e7ok yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve donan\u0131m firman\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu firman\u0131n (www.Redhat.com) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u00fccretsiz edinilebilir; fakat b\u00fct\u00fcn paket i\u00e7in para \u00f6demek gerekir.<\/p>\n
S.u.S.e GmbH: Alman \u015firketidir (www.Suse.com) . Linux\u2019un Almanca ve \u0130ngilizce s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7eren paral\u0131 bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. CD-ROM\u2019lar\u0131nda di\u011fer kurum ve firmalar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 da bulunur.<\/p>\n
SLACKWARE: Patrik Volkerding taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen kur program\u0131 ile birlikte verilen bu Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011fi, belki bug\u00fcn en yayg\u0131n olan Linux\u2019tur. Bu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, su anda bir\u00e7ok firmadan, \u00f6rne\u011fin Walnut Creek CDROM firmas\u0131n\u0131n (www.cdrom.com) CD-ROM\u2019lar\u0131ndan ve Internet sitesinden edinmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
STAMPEDE: Stampede firmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Linux programc\u0131lar\u0131 hedef al\u0131narak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir; bir\u00e7ok Unix program\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Asagidaki metin anonim alintidir. Nerede kim yazmistir bilmiyorum. Ancak en altindaki linux dagitimlarindan oldukca eski gozuktugunu soyleyebilirim. Linux Tarih\u00e7esi Ki\u015fisel bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Windows kral iken… Finlandiya\u2019da 21 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Yeni edindi\u011fi Intel 386 bilgisayar\u0131na kurulu DOS\u2019 u sevmemi\u015f; Helsinki \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin bilgisayarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Unix\u2019 ten kendi bilgisayar\u0131nda da olsun istemi\u015f. Ama bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kategerisiz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=138"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/138\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shukko.com\/x3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}